提升

14.1 var声明会被提升到他们最近的函数作用域，但赋值不会。const和let声明被赋予了一个所谓暂时性死区(取自阮一峰《ECMAScript6入门》)的概念。这对于理解为什么typeof is no longer safe很重要。（译者附：http://es6.ruanyifeng.com/#docs/let 有中文版说明 typeof 不再安全）

// we know this wouldn’t work (assuming there
// is no notDefined global variable)
function example() {
  console.log(notDefined); // => throws a ReferenceError
}

// creating a variable declaration after you
// reference the variable will work due to
// variable hoisting. Note: the assignment
// value of `true` is not hoisted.
function example() {
  console.log(declaredButNotAssigned); // => undefined
  var declaredButNotAssigned = true;
}

// the interpreter is hoisting the variable
// declaration to the top of the scope,
// which means our example could be rewritten as:
function example() {
  let declaredButNotAssigned;
  console.log(declaredButNotAssigned); // => undefined
  declaredButNotAssigned = true;
}

// using const and let
function example() {
  console.log(declaredButNotAssigned); // => throws a ReferenceError
  console.log(typeof declaredButNotAssigned); // => throws a ReferenceError
  const declaredButNotAssigned = true;
}

14.2 匿名函数提升变量名称，但函数赋值不提升

function example() {
  console.log(anonymous); // => undefined

  anonymous(); // => TypeError anonymous is not a function

  var anonymous = function () {
    console.log('anonymous function expression');
  };
}

14.3 命名函数提升变量名称，而不是函数名称或函数体

function example() {
  console.log(named); // => undefined

  named(); // => TypeError named is not a function

  superPower(); // => ReferenceError superPower is not defined

  var named = function superPower() {
    console.log('Flying');
  };
}

// the same is true when the function name
// is the same as the variable name.
function example() {
  console.log(named); // => undefined

  named(); // => TypeError named is not a function

  var named = function named() {
    console.log('named');
  };
}

14.4 函数声明提升名称和函数体

function example() {
  superPower(); // => Flying

  function superPower() {
    console.log('Flying');
  }
}